Gang of Three


- a 'Freelance Informer' legal article from Roger Sinclair


‘To try and avoid the consequences of IR35, two of my colleagues and I have put a proposal to our Client.  Until now, the three of us have been providing DBA functions and support to the Client, under the Client’s management.  The idea is that we will form a new company in which we will all be shareholders & directors, and that new company will enter a fixed price contract to give the client the same overall service, but managed by us.’

 

Many Contractors have been prompted by IR35 to choose this direction as a ‘next step’ to developing their own businesses.  Performing such functions as these for a client, where the client is deploying the individuals in terms of time and place so as to ensure that there is constant cover, can be a little tricky to express in terms which fall outside IR35 – I don’t say that it is impossible (because it isn’t), but it does require a reasonably high degree of trust and cooperation between Contractor, Agency, and Client to end up with terms which clearly fall outside IR35.  This is because one of the factors which risks making the arrangement IR35-vulnerable is the fact that the Client may need the right to shift each of you around in terms of the time and place at which each of you work. 

 

However, when you consider that in fact all the Client is shuffling round is the three of you who (taken together) are the only ones providing the Client with the complete service, then one can see that you could instead go for a structure whereby the three of you accept joint responsibility for providing the service.  You then manage between yourselves when and where each of you contribute towards that end result, and by accepting this as a joint responsibility, the client no longer needs the same requirements for control, and it is then much easier to define the relationship in a way which clearly falls outside IR35.  So in principle, this is a good idea.  And I have seen several groups of Contractors take this route.

 

There are however some aspects which you should bear in mind.

 

First, it is critically important that you set up a new contract with the Client which comprehensively covers all aspects of what you will be doing.  When the ballpark changes from selling your skills by the hour (to be deployed as the client sees fit), to selling a specified service for a fixed price for a period, then it suddenly becomes far more important for both your own and the Client’s protection to ensure that the actual service itself, together with the ‘how where and when’ of it, are clearly defined – anyone should be able to see, by simply reading the contract itself, exactly where the boundaries lie between what you are and what you are not committed to doing.  All these things need to be clearly and objectively defined - the Client needs to know that what you say in the contact that you will do will in fact satisfy their needs, and you yourselves need to know that you can actually provide what the contract says you will provide.  And all without any adverse consequences, either tax or commercial, and whether for yourselves, or for the Client. 

 

So it is very important to get the specification of the work in the contract (1) accurate, and (2) acceptable to both parties.  And all this needs to be set in the context of a contractual framework which provides all proper commercial protections for both parties.

 

Secondly, the pricing of such an arrangement is probably best expressed as a fixed sum for the period, but against that background it is certainly possible to provide some flexibility, whereby if the Client and you agree to provide additional services over and above the ‘core’, then those might be chargeable on a time basis.

 

Thirdly, you are entering an arrangement where the fortunes of the three of you are going to become much more interdependent on each other’s performance;  the new business (and yes, it is always advisable to set up a completely new company for such ventures) in which each of you has an interest will profit from the successes of each of you.  Likewise, failure on the part of one will cost you all.  Don’t enter such an arrangement unless you trust your colleagues as human beings, and have respect for and confidence in their professional abilities.  And even then, you would still be wise for the three of you to also enter a formal Shareholders’ Agreement, to record the way in which you have agreed to run and control your new joint company, and to include provision for what happens if in the future someone wants ‘out’.

 

The final issue you need to consider is the terms under which your services have until now been provided to the Client;  almost all agencies will seek to insert a term in their contracts with Contractors which seeks to prevent the Contractor from providing services to the Client, other than through the Agency, for a period after that contract ends.  If there are any such restrictions in your contracts, then you will need to consider the precise terms of those restrictions very carefully, and you may need to take expert advice;  you will need to form a view on whether the terms would actually operate to restrict what you intend to do, and whether or not the restrictions are likely to be legally enforceable.  You will then have to consider how to handle that issue.  And you should bear in mind that the Client itself may be subject to similar restrictions in its own contracts with the agencies who to date have supplied your services.

9th June 2000


I'd really appreciate your feedback on this FAQ - so mail me and tell me what you think of it, if it's been useful to you, or let me know of any specific problem you have where I may be able to help.

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